Ujamaa is a Kiswahili term usually translated as “familyhood,” and it names both an ethical principle and a specific project of African socialism associated above all with Tanzania under Julius Nyerere. As a political-economic philosophy, Ujamaa emphasized communal ownership, collective agriculture, social equality, and national self-reliance, crystallized in the 1967 Arusha Declaration and the creation of Ujamaa villages, where rural households were reorganized into cooperative settlements intended to overcome colonial inequalities and build a classless society.
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